【重点句型讲解】

    1.The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them.

    英语是由进入不列颠的各组人群所说语言的规则和词汇构成的。

    ①句中each group of people brought to Britain with them 是定语从句，修饰the rules and vocabulary.

    ②短语bring …with somebody 意思是“随身携带……”。如：

    Jack brought an umbrella with him in case it rained .

    杰克随身带了把伞，以防下雨。

    I brought enough money with me.

    我随身带了足够的钱

    2.Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic .

    公元5世纪中叶以前，不列颠所有的人都说一种叫作凯尔特语的语言。

    凯尔特语(Celtic )指古代居住在不列颠和欧洲大陆西部的凯尔特人(Celtic )所说的语言。

    called “叫……名字”,如:

    I have a dog called /named Jack.

    我有一只叫杰克的狗.

    3.They each had their own languages and Anglo-Saxon (the base of Old English) developed from mixing these languages with Celtic.

    他们分别有自己的语言，作为古英语基础的盎格鲁－撒克逊语就是在三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。

    盎格鲁－撒克逊人(Anglo-Saxons )属于古代日耳曼人的部落集团的一员，公元５－６世纪入侵英国，他们讲的语言构成了古英语的基础。

    developed “发展, 生长, 发育, 逐步显示出来”,如:

    With hard work, she developed into a great writer.

    经过艰苦地工作，她成为一位伟大的作家参见。

    Their skill developed until it rivaled their teacher's.

    他们的技艺不断增长，最后，可以与他们的师傅相匹敌了。

    Tension developed between students and faculty.

    学生和教职员工之间关系逐渐紧张起来

    4.At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from the Scandinavian countries, including Denmark and Norway, began to invade Britain.

    公元9世纪末，来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛国家（包括丹麦和挪威）的维京人开始侵略不列颠。

    维京人或北欧盗（the Vikings ）是指从8－10世纪劫掠欧洲北部和西部海岸的斯堪的纳维亚人。

    At the end of“在...结尾,在....末端”，如：

    At the end of that year, they got married.

    在那年底，他们结了婚。

    At the end of this road there's a roundabout.

    路的饿尽头是段环行路。

    Pass the message down to the people at the end of the table.

    把这条消息转告给桌子那边的人。

    invade  vt. 侵略, 侵袭, 拥挤，如：

    The principal of the trusts could not be invaded without trustee approval.

    未经受托人同意，受托的原则不被侵犯。

    About 1917 the shipworm invaded the harbor of San Francisco.

    约在1917年凿船虫袭击了旧金山港。

    5. Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.

    很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。

    短语contribute的意思是“有助于”、“是……的原因之一”。如：

    The success of the programme has contributed greatly to the current interest in pop music.　

    这个节目的成功极大提高了当前人们对流行音乐的兴趣。

    An increase in the price of drugs has contributed greatly to the rising cost of medical care .

    药价上升是导致医疗费用上涨的原因之一。

    6. In 1066,the Normans conquered England and took control of the country.

    1066年，诺曼人征服了英国并控制了整个国家。

    讲法语的诺曼人（the Normans）在诺曼底大公爵威廉的带领下侵占了英国。诺曼人的入侵对英国的历史、文化和语言等都产生了深刻影响，此后，法语便成了英国上流社会的语言。历史上称这一事件为“诺曼征服”。

    conquer vt.“ 征服, 战胜, 占领, 克服(困难等), 破(坏习惯等)”

    I finally conquered my fear of heights.

    我终于克服了我的惧高症

    Scientists battling to conquer disease.

    科学家奋力克服疾病。

    The singer who conquered the operatic world is very popular.

    这个征服了戏剧界的歌手非常受欢迎。

    control “控制”。control 的过去式和过去分词是 controlled，现在分词是 controlling。如：

    The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters could control it.

     大火烧了大约4个小时之后，消防队员才把火势控制住。

    The government tried to control prices.

    政府设法调节（控制）物价。

    He couldn't control his anger.

    他抑制不住他的愤怒。

    The truck was out of control and knocked down the tree.

    卡车失去了控制，撞倒了树。

    由 control 构成的短语有：beyond control 无法控制；lose control of 对……失去控制；out of control 失去控制；under control 受到控制。

    7. Despite this fact,  French still had an impact on the English language.

    然而，法语还是对英语产生了巨大的影响。

    Despite意为“尽管”。如：

    Despite the traffic jam, he arrived at the conference on time.

    尽管由于堵车，他仍然准时到会了。

    We won the game despite overwhelming odds.

    尽管差异悬殊，我们还是赢得了比赛

    Have an impact on意为“影响”。如：

    Those TV programmes had an impact on his English studies.

    那些电视节目对他的英语学习有一定影响。

    The experts are still gauging the impact of automation on the lives of factory workers.

    专家们仍然在估测自动化对工厂工人生活的影响

    8. This resulted in even more pairs of similar words,  like reply (reply French )/answer (from Old English ).

    这种影响让英语产生了更多意思相近的词对，如reply（源自法语）和answer（源自古英语）。

    Result in意为“导致，造成”。

    The cyclone has resulted in many deaths.

    克隆已经造成了很多死亡。

    Their profligate lifestyle resulted in bankruptcy.

    他们挥霍的生活方式导致了破产。

    9. At this point,many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.

    在此期间，很多英国人成为诺曼人的仆人，他们为诺曼人饲养牲畜、烧菜做饭。

    名词point 在这里指某事物发生的时间或阶段。如：

    I had reached a point in my career when I needed to decide which way to go.

    那时我已到了必须抉择自己工作方向的关键时刻。

    它还可以表示“位置”、“程度”、“目的”、“要点，要义”。如：

    The troops halted at a point roughly 1,000 yards from the river.

    部队在距河约一千码的地方停了下来。

    finally reached the point of exhaustion.

    终于到达筋疲力尽的程度

    What is the point of discussing this issue further?

    这件事再讨论下去有什么意义呢?

    You have missed the whole point of the novel.

    你忽略这篇小说的要点。

    10.A standard was first set for the English language when Henry Ⅶ was King of England.

    亨利七世当英国国王时，首次为英语设定了一个标准。

    句中动词set 的意思是“设定”、“制定”。如：

    The president's speech set the tone for the rest of the conference.

    总统的演讲为大会设定了基调。

    The judge set bail for the defendant at $50,000.

    法官要求被告保释金为50,000美元

    A parent must set a good example for the children.

    父母必须为孩子树立好榜样

    11. Today,the spread of‘borrowed words'is due to easily accessed television and radio programmes from across the world, and the Internet.

    今天，世界各地都可以方便地收看电视、广播节目，还有因特网的普及，使得外来词广为传播。

    （1）句中easily accessed 是定语，修饰后面的television and radio programmes。如：

    The easily accessed computer system is unsafe from hackers.

    这个电脑系统很容易进入，很不安全，会遭到黑客的功击。

    （2）due to的意思是“由于”、“因为”。如：

    Due to her illness, Millie did not come to school yesterday.

    由于生病，米莉昨天没来上学。

    Due to your carelessness, we failed the experiment.

    由于你的粗心，我们的实验失败了。

    12.The Chinese language differs from many Western languages in that it uses characters　which have meanings and can stand alone as words.

    汉语与很多西方语言不同之处在于汉语使用的基本单位汉字本身就具有意义，可以独立成词。

    短语in that的意思是“在于”、“原因是”、“因为”。如：

    Traditional Chinese sports are similar to the Western sports in that both are meant to　improve people's health．

    中国的传统体育运动与西方体育运动的相似之处在于二者都是为了促进人体的健康。

    13.These shapes or pictures were the very first Chinese characters.

    这些形状或图画就是最初的汉字。

    形容词very用来表示强调，意思是“最……的”，还可以表示“恰好的”。如：

    Jack waited for you till the very last moment.

    杰克等你一直等到最后一刻。

    You had better start working this very minute．

    你最好立刻就开始干活。

    The very essence of artistic expression is invention．

    文学措辞的最重要精华就是创意。

    14.There are many other examples reflecting the development of Chinese writing…

    还有很多其他能够反映汉字演变过程的例子……

    句中短语reflecting the development of Chinese writing作定语，修饰examples。如：

    Examples showing this kind of development can be found throughout the book .

    书里有许多反映这种发展的例子。

    It's a unique episode, without example in maritime history.

    这是在航海史上没有先例的独特事件。

    15.It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of staying things.

    可以肯定的是，这样的变化过程还会持续，人们还会不断发明新的词汇和新的表达法。

    在句子It is certain that…中,It作形式主语指代that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of staying things.

    What is certain is that every effect must have a cause.

    每一个结果都有一个原因，这是确定无疑的。

    It is certain that it is not your fault.

    可以肯定的是这不是你的错误。

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