【词语辨析】

    1．advertise、advertisement和advertising

    ①advertise 是动词，既可当及物动词使用，亦可用作不及物动词，意为“（在报纸、广播、电视上）为（产品等）大做广告”。

    We should advertise for someone to look after our children.

    我们应登广告找一个照看孩子的人。

    如果你想凭借某种媒体做广告，要注意与 advertise 所搭配的介词。

    ◆ advertise in newspapers / magazine 意为在报纸或杂志上做广告。

    She advertised for her lost son in the evening paper.

    他在晚报上登广告寻找丢失的儿子。

    ◆ advertise on / radio / TV 意为“在广播电台或电视上做广告。

    Chunlan Electronic Group heavily advertises its product on radio and television.

    春兰电子集团在电台和电视上大作广告。

    Only very established ，well-known clothing companies can successfully advertise through radio.

    只有很稳固、知名度很高的服饰公司能成功地通过广播电台做广告。

    ②advertisement 是可数名词，表示：做(登)广告 ; 广告。

    produce an advertisement for 为……做广告

    put (in) an advertisement in the newspaper 在报纸上登广告

    Advertisement helps to sell goods.

    广告有助于推销货物。

    I wish I could buy all the beautiful things I see in advertisement.

    我希望能买到广告上看见的所有美丽的东西。

    We plan to place an ad ( = advertisement) in the newspapers , but they want to put theirs on radio.

    我们准备在报纸上登广告，而他们打算在电台上做广告。

    ③ advertising 是不可数名词，有两个意思：〔总称〕广告；广告业。

    advertising firm 广告公司

    The store attracted many customers by advertising.

    这家商店通过广告吸引了众多顾客。

    Milward Agency is equipped to handle any advertising job.

    美尔瓦广告代理处有能力处理任何广告工作。

    2．used to do, be used to sth. / doing sth. 和 be used to do 三个短语中均有 used , 但用法各不相同。

    ①used to + 动词原形”，表示“过去惯常做某事(而现在不做了)”。

    其疑问式为：Used +主语+ to do … ? 或 Did (助动词)+主语+ use to do … ?

    其否定式为：主语+ usedn't to do …或主语+ didn't (助动词)+use to do …。例如：

    My father used to go fishing.

    我父亲过去常去钓鱼。

    Did you use to swim in the river?

    你过去常在河里游泳吗 ?

    I didn't use to go there.

    过去我向来不去那里。

    I used to live in the countryside when I was small.

    我小时候，常常住在乡下。

    ②“be used to + 名词或动名词”，表示“习惯于(做)某事”。可用于各种时态。例如：

    We've been used to hard work.

    我们已习惯于艰苦的工作。

    She will soon be used to the weather here.

    她不久就会习惯这里的天气。

    ③be used to do 表示“被用来做……”(即：被动结构)。例如：

    Wood can be used to make many kinds of tools.

    木料可用来制作多种工具。

    3．complete, finish, end

    这三个词作动词时都有“完成，结束”之意。

    ①complete完成，使圆满

    主要指把未完成的东西经过进一步的努力而使之完成。是个较正式的词。其后接名词。不接不定式。例如：

    By spring they had completed the house and moved in.

    春季时他们盖好了房子，搬了进去。

    Please complete the following sentences, using object clauses.

    请用宾语从句完成下列句子。

    The building is not completed yet.

    那建筑物尚未完工。

    The news completes my happiness.

    这消息使我心满意足。

    ②finish一般指把某件事做完。其后接名词或动名词，不接不定式。例如：

    He finished writing the article last night.

    他昨天晚上写完了这篇文章。

    Have you finished your homework?

    你已将家庭作业做完了吗?

    I haven't finished reading that book yet.

    我还没有读完那本书。

    ③end多指旅行、讲演、争论、战争等的“结束”、“终止”。例如：

    How does the story end?

    这故事的结局如何?

    Let's end our quarrel.

    我们不要再吵了。

    The meeting ended with a song.

    会议以高唱一首歌结束了。

    The war ended in 1976.

    战争在1976年结束了。

    4．even if，even though

    ①用作连词，两者意思相同“即使……，也……”，引导让步状语从句。例如：

    Even though it is raining，we'll go．

    即使下雨了，我们也要去．

    Even though I have to sell my house，I'll keep my business going．

    即使要卖房子，我也要继续我的事业．

    ②even though 所引导的状语从句中的动词用陈述语气或虚拟语气时，它们的意义有所不同。例如：

    Even though I were busy，I would go．

    即使我忙，我也要去．(事实上我并不忙)

    Even though I am busy，I will go．

    虽然我忙，我也要去．(我现在的确很忙)

    even though/if即使，纵然（用于引导让步状语从句）

    Even though I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a good time.

    即使我不认识晚会上的任何人，我玩得也很快活。

    Even if it rains, I will go.

    即使下雨，我也要去。

    She won't leave the television set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.

    纵使她的丈夫在等着吃晚饭，她也不愿意离开电视机。

    5．alive， living， live， lively，life，lives

    这些词都有“活着”之意，它们的用法各不相同。

    ①alive 意为“活着”，侧重说明生与死之间的界限，既可指人，也可指物；可用来做表语，后置定语或宾补。虽有死的可能，但还活着。例如：

    He is dead, but his dog is still alive.

    他死了，但他的狗仍然还活着。

    No man alive is greater than he.

    在活着的人中没有人比他更伟大了。(注：此时 alive 含有“在所有活着的……之中”)

    He wanted to keep the fish alive.

    他想让鱼活着。

    ②living意为“活着”强调说明“尚在人间”，“健在”，可用来指人或物，作定语或表语。例如：

    My first teacher is still living.

    我的启蒙老师仍健在。

    English is a living language.

    英语的活的语言。

    He is regarded as one of the best living writers at present.

    他被认为是当代活着的最好的作家之一。

    注意：living 前加上 the , 表示类别，指“活着的人们”。例如：

    The living must finish the work of those dead.

    活着的人必须完成那些死去的人的事业。

    living 还可用于短语，例如：make a living 谋生。

    ③live “活着的”，通常指物，不指人，常用来做定语放名词的前面。还指“实况转播的”。例如：

    a live wire 有电的电线，a live fish 一条活鱼。

    Do you like a live show or a recorded show?

    你是喜欢直播还是录音 。

    He said he had seen a live whale.

    他说他看见过活鲸鱼。

    make a / one's living by doing 通过干……谋生

    ④lively 则意为“活泼的”，“活跃”，“充满生气的”，可作定语、表语或宾补，既可指人，又可指物。例如：

    Jenny is a lively girl.

    詹妮是个活泼的女孩。

    Everything is lively here.

    这儿一切都生机勃勃。

    He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.

    他有一种奇特的方法，使他的课生动有趣。

    ⑤life 是名词作生命可数，作生活不可数。其复数是 lives 。类似把 -fe 变为 -ves 的还有：wife, shelf , leaf , half , loaf , thief , knife , wolf , self.

    These children are full of life.

    这些孩子充满火力。

    Many people lost their lives in the accident.

    许多人在这场事故中丧失了生命。

    all one's life 一生 ，true to life 栩栩如生，in one's life 在……的一生中，

    come back to life 苏醒过来，live / lead a happy life 过着幸福的生活。

    6．in order to，so as to

    ①in order to和so as to都可表示“以便，为了”。例如：

    I spoke clearly in order to/so as to be heard by everyone.

    我讲得很清楚为了使大家都能听得见。

    ②in order to短语可放于句首，但so as to不能。例如：

    In order to keep warm, they walk faster.

    为了使身子暖和起来，他们走快了些。

    ③so as to连在一起用以表目的，而“so+形容词/副词+as to”则表示结果。例如：

    I spoke so clearly as to be heard by everyone.

    我讲得如此清楚以致大家都听见了。

    7．different, various

    二者都可表示“不同的”这一意义。但在用法及确切的含义上不一样。

    ①different多用来指表面或状态的不同，可作定语，也可作表语，作定语时， 可接单数名词，也可接复数名词。例如：

    He is a different man from what he was ten years ago.

    他和十年前完全变了个样子。

    They came from different parts of the country.

    他们来自于全国的各个地方。

    ②various指同一范畴内的不同种类，着重于种类的“众多”或“多种多样”， 可作表语，也可作定语。作定语时，其后只能接复数名词，有时可和different 换用。例如：

    There are various types of bicycles in the market.

    市场上有款式各样的自行车。

    His reasons for leaving were many and various.

    他请假的理由是五花八门。

    8．lay，lie

    The boy lying in bed told a lie that he had laid the ball where the hens often laid eggs .

    躺在床上的那男孩撒谎说他把球放在鸡下蛋的地方。

    ①lie (lied , lied , lying ) 撒谎

    lie作不及物动词，意为“撒谎”，该动词是规则动词。“对 (向) 某人撒谎”用lie to sb. ( 相当于 lie 作名词时的短语 tell sb. a lie ) 。

    It's clear that she is lying.

    很明显她在撒谎。

    lie 作名词时，也有“谎言”之意，是可数名词。“撒谎”可以表达为 tell a lie 或 tell lies.

    Don't tell a lie before your parents.

    别在父母面前撒谎。

    lie (lay , lain , lying) 躺；存在;位于

    A narrow bridge lies across the stream.

    小溪上有一座小桥。

    The town lies to the north of the city.

    这个镇在城的北边。

    ②lay (laid , laid , laying ) 放；产卵；下蛋

    He laid the table for dinner.

    他放桌子吃饭。

    Please lay your books open on the table.

    请把书打开放在桌子上。

    Here is a new-laid egg.

    这是一个新生的蛋。

    9．gather, collect

    这两个词作及物动词用时，都可表示“聚成；集成”，区别是：

    gather指把分散的东西集中到一个地方( 如收集树叶、花草、农作物等 )；collect后者指按计划或为了某个特殊目的把东西经过挑选后收集起来。例如：

    She gathered the children round her.

    孩子们聚在他周围。

    The patient is gathering strength.

    病人的体力渐渐恢复了。

    He has taken an interest in collecting stamps.

    他对集邮产生了兴趣。

    They collected a great amount of information on these insects.

    他们收集了有关这些昆虫的大量资料。

    这两词用不及物动词时用，常可互换，都表 “ 聚集；聚拢 ” 。例如：

    Don't go to your room to collect your things or you may be trapped by the fire.

    不要进屋收拾东西，否则你会被大火围困。

    We are trying to collect money for a wildlife project.

    我们正在努力为一项野生动物保护计划筹集资金。

    A man who collects taxes is called a tax collector.

    收税的人叫税务员。

    Please gather me some flowers.

    请为我采一些花。

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