1.damage, destroy, ruin, harm, hurt
(1)destroy “破坏;摧毁;毁灭”,强调以具有摧毁或杀伤性的力量把某物彻底毁掉。例如:
Why, you may wonder,should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects,…
你也许会觉得奇异,蜘蛛怎么竟是我们的朋友?因为它们毁灭那么多的昆虫。
The house was completely destroyed by the fire.
房子彻底被大火烧毁了。
(2)damage“损坏;破坏;损毁(使失去价值)”。例如:
The storm damaged the crops greatly.
暴风雨对庄稼造成了极大的损坏。
Smoking can damage your health.
抽烟会损害你的健康。
(3)ruin该词除了有damage的一般用法外,还可表示“使……破产;糟蹋掉”的意思。但不含有以某种摧毁性的力量进行破坏,而含有在一定的过程中逐渐毁掉的意思。Ruin 通常暗指无可挽回的伤害,但并不一定指完全毁灭。例如:
Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry.
牛津城已经被汽车工业毁掉了。
The crops are nearly ruined by the continuous rain.
继续不断的雨水几乎毁坏了这些农作物。
He ruined himself by taking drugs.
他吸食****把自己给毁了。
The fire ruined the books in the library.
大火毁坏了图书馆的书。
(4)harm 用作动词时常表示对身体的“伤害;危害”。例如:
Smoking will harm(=damage/ruin) your health.
吸烟会危害到你的健康。
用作名词可构成短语do harm to,表示的范围更广。
(5)hurt “使身体/感情受伤害”。例如:
He jumped from the top of the wall and hurt his leg.
他从墙上跳下来摔伤了腿。
He hurt her feelings.
他伤了她的感情。
2.paint, draw
(1)paint指用颜色画,如油画颜料、水彩或者水墨画,
I’m an art major and I paint a lot of pictures.
我是学美术的学生,我画许多画。
He is painting in oils.
他正在用油画颜料画画。
注:paint的引伸含义是“描述”
He is not so black as he is painted.
他并不像人们所说的那么坏。
(2)draw 通常指用铅笔、钢笔或者粉笔画,一般并不涂上颜料。I am an art student
She draws very well.
她画得很好。
These pictures are drawn by children.
这些画是孩子们画的。
注:drawing除了“图画”外,还有“工程图”的意思。
an engineering drawing
3. enormous, immense, huge, gigantic, tremendous, vast
这些形容词都描述超乎寻常大的事物,
(1)enormous 暗指在大小、数量或程度上超乎常规的:
I have seen such an enormous boulder.
我从没见过如此巨大的圆石。
Enormous不仅表示“块头”和“数量”方面的“大”,而且可以表示程度方面的“极大”,并且具有反常(abnormality)的内涵。
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as £100 for a single appearence.
他挣得的钱是极多的,一次出场就付给他一百英镑之多。
(2)immense 指无限的或无法测量的尺寸或范围:
an immense crowd of people;
无边无际的人海;
immense pleasure.
无以伦比的欢乐。
(3)huge 尤指尺寸或容量的庞大,强调体型而非重量。例如:
We got a huge success.
巨大的成功。
Four days after setting out, while the Titantic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
启航四天后,泰坦尼克号在穿过北大西洋多冰的海域时,了望员突然发现了一个巨大的冰山。
(4)gigantic 指象巨人一样的大小尺寸:
There is a gigantic redwood tree.
那儿有一棵大得惊人的红杉树。
He left with a gigantic disappointment.
他带着极度的失望走了。
(5)tremendous 指大小让人生畏或令人感到可怕:
A tremendous monument of 100 feet high was set up last month.
一百英尺高的巨大纪念碑上个月建成了。
He ate a tremendous meal.
他吃下大量的一餐。
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity.
门杜萨在全盛时期极受人们欢迎。
(6)vast 指范围、大小、地区或跨度的宽广。例如:
All the land was shrouded in one vast forest.
所有的土地都隐藏在广阔的森林中。
Of creatures, how few vast as the whale.
作为生物,几乎没有比鲸鱼更巨大的。
It is a vast expanse of desert.
那是一片辽阔的沙漠。
4. condition, state, situation, status
这些名词都表示人或事物存在的形式或方式。
(1) condition 表示人或事物由于受周围环境或其它因素的影响而导致的目前的“情况,状态”。
The condition of man is a condition of war of everyone against everyone .
人类的状态是人与人对抗的战争状态。
另外:on condition that是从属连词,引导条件状语从句,意思是“只有在……条件下”(=only if)、“条件是……”、“如果”(=if),但比if更正式。例如:
He was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near the other boys.准许他去游泳的条件是,他必须不远离别的男孩子。
I'll come on condition that John is invited,too.
如果约翰也受到邀请,我就来。
On what condition would the woman accept the job ?
给什么条件这位女士才会接受这份工作?
(2) state 指人或物在外观、心灵、健康等方面的自然“状态,情况”;常与不定冠词连用,只有单数形式,若说明某一状态,常与in连用。
Every body continues in its state of rest—unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.
每一个物体保持其静止状态—除非有加于其上的力,它才会改变那种状态。
State 和condition 最普通, 在多数情况下可以通用:绝望的状态;健康状况。
(3) situation 较狭义地指由环境综合决定的特定时间上的状态或情形:
Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation.
如果永恒真理不能赋予社会状况新的意义,则它既不为真理也不会永恒。
situation 可与condition互换,指政局时,用situation。
in a good state of situation 心情舒畅
the situation of the world 世界局势
(4) status 通常指被认为与同类或同阶层有关的人或物。指人时暗指相对的地位;指物时大致等同于State 或 situation:
Mr. Polly's status was that of a guest pure and simple.
波利先生的身份纯粹是客人。
What is the current status of the arms-reduction negotiations?
削减武器的谈判最近形势如何?
5.declare,announce,broadcast,publish
这些动词共有的中心意思是“公之于众”。
(1)declare vt. 断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明
She declared her intention to run for office.
她公布了她要竞选官员的意愿。
I declare the court allows it.
我断言法庭会答应的。
(2)announce vt. 宣布, 通告
The new government announced its policy at once.
新政府很快宣布了它的政策。
The news was announced by Radio Beijing.
这条新闻是北京广播电台播的。
Mr. Green announced the date of marriage of his daughter to his relatives and friends.
格林先生向他的亲朋好友们宣布了他女儿的婚期。
(3)broadcast v. 广播,播放
The agency broadcasted an urgent appeal for medical supplies.
代理商通过电台紧急呼吁要求药品供应。
They broadcast a programme of his music last month on the radio.
上周电台广播了他的一个音乐节目。
broadcast还可作名词,指广播、广播的内容。
They are listening to the broadcast of a football match.
他们正在听足球赛的广播。
Today’s broadcast programmes are very exciting.
今天的广播节目非常精彩。
(4)publish vt. 公布, 发表
publishing the marriage banns.
发布结婚公告
His wish was to publish a magazine for the blacks.
他的愿望就是为黑人出版一份杂志。
6.affect, influence, impress
这组动词的一般含义为使人或能作出反应的物产生或受到影响。
(1)affect 的宾语是物时,它包含着足以引起反应的刺激,有时包含一定的改变。例如:
The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health.
天气稍有变化就会影响她那脆弱而娇嫩的身体。
We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding.
我们的运气好,因为只有占我们农场极少部分的较低的田地受到洪水的影响。
当affect的宾语是人时,它表示引起心智上或感情上的影响,即感动.例如:
He was in no way affected by their misery.
他们的惨状一点也没打动他的心。
(2)influence 所表示的影响包含着“力量”,比如“他是个有影响的人物”。有时它包含着“诱使”的意思。例如:
They, having first persuaded themselves, contrive to influence their neighbours.
他们首先自己信服了之后,便设法诱使邻居
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.
谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。
(3)impress 通常用于表示深受“感动”,而且把所看到的东西,铭记在心。例如:
But I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.
但是我掩盖不了这一事实,那些钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。
7. route, course
这组名词的含义都与“路”有关。
(1)route的含义是“路线”,通常是迂回的,可以包括数条道路或街道,有时甚至包括小路、小巷。使用范围也较广。如:登山运动员所攀登的路线,实际上不是路;其它方面,如公共汽车所行经的“路线”,邮递员发送邮件的“路线”等。例如:
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport,…
现代登山运动员力图从那些能给他们带来大量运动的路线登山
That postman is in charge of this route.
那个邮递员负责这条投递线路。
This bus route covers a large number of streets.
这路公共汽车行经许多街道。
(3)course通常表示船的“航道”或飞机的“航线”,有时表示自然的或时间的“进程”,有时
表示有始有终的“进程”,有时表示循环往复的进程。例如:
When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed.
不久前,有架轻便客机飞出了航线,在山区坠落了,飞行员丧生了。
Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to chang the course of world history.
在1925年前后,如果把二三十页的情报交给任何一个世界强国,都会改变世界历史的进程。
8. so do I, so I do , I do so
(1)“so+助动词/情态动词/连系动词+主语”中so意为“也”,表示前面的人/物的情况也适用于后者。例如:
My father gets up early, so do I.
我爸爸很早起床,我也很早起床。
She is a writer, so is my uncle.
她是一位作家,我叔叔也是一位作家。
I have been to the Summer Palace, so has Tom.
我去过颐和园,汤姆也去过。
以上句子是主语为不同的两个人或两件事,而且都是肯定句。如果是否定句,就要用neither或nor。例如:
He doesn’t live in Nanjing. Neither (Nor) does she.
他不住在南京,她也不住在南京。
例:If you go there tomorrow , ____.
A. so I do B. so will I C. so I will D. so do I
答案:B
[解析]省略后倒装。“If you go there tomorrow , I will go there , too. ”
(2)“so+主语+情态动词/助动词/连系动词”则用来表示对前一个句子所陈述的内容进行强调,so意为“确实”“的确”,此结构意义为“确实如此,的确如此”,前后主语一致。例如:
He is a funny guy. So he is.
他是个风趣的人。的确是。
例:—You seem to like beer.
—____.
A.So I do B.So do I C.So am I D.So I am
答案:A
[解析]此处为“so+主语+be/do/have/can”结构,表示强调,重复上句话的内容,译为“确实……;的确……”。
(3)“I do so”中的do so是一短语,用来替代上文出现的动词或动词+宾语/状语,以避免重复。例如:
Tom asked me to stop the car, and I do so(=stopped the car).
汤姆让我停车,我就把车停了下来。
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn't do so.
他说他会告诉我这个消息的,但他却没告诉我。
9. in return,in return for
(1)in return的意思是“作为报答(酬谢)”、“作为回报”。例如:
I am very grateful for your help,and hope that one day I may be able to do something for you in return.
我非常感谢你的帮助,希望将来能为你做点什么作为答谢。
He wanted nothing in return.
他不要任何东西作为回报。
Give some money to the boy in return.
给那个孩子一些钱作为回报吧。
例:Mr. Green stopped and the man said, “Thank you. You’ve been kind to me. This is what I can do in_________.”
A.all B.fact C.return D.the end
答案:C
[解析]in return是固定搭配,表示“作为回报”的意思。
(2) in return for的意思是“作为对……的报酬”、“作为对……的报答”(=in payment for)。例如:
Give him some books in return for his help.
给他几本书作为他帮忙的回报。
I gave her some roses in return for her kindness.
我给了她一些玫瑰花以报答她的善意。
We'll send them some picture postcards of Beijing in return for the New Year Card they sent us.
我们将寄给他们一些好看的北京图片明信片作为对他们寄来的贺年片的回礼。