【语法重点】
宾语补足语
补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语（the Object Complement）。
1．宾语补语一般放在宾语之后。例如：
Leave the door open, please.
请不要关门。
John wears his hair very long.
约翰留着很长的头发
She has her hands black.
她把手弄黑了。（如说black hands ,则意为她手的肤色是黑的）
但宾语补足语有时亦可置于宾语之前。
He pushed open the door ,and went into the hall.
他将门推开，进入了大厅。（强调the door ）
Bright high lights shone on the water, and beneath its surface I could see lurking a deep midnight green.
很亮的灯光从高处照射着海水，在水面之下隐藏着一片子夜的深绿。（宾语补语lurking移前是因为宾语部分较长）
宾语补足语偶尔也可以置于主语之前。例如：
As the main eating implement, the Chinese use chopsticks every day.
中国人每天都要用筷子作为主要的吃饭用具。（为了预测）
2．可以用宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。例如：
They named the child Jimmy.
他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作宾语补足语）
My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.
我的母亲看上去那么年轻，你会以为她是我的姐姐。（名词短语用作宾语补足语）
She boiled the egg hard.
她把鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词作宾语补足语）
I found this book very interesting.
我发现那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾语补足语）
The comrades wanted Dr．Bethune to take cover.
同志们要白求恩大夫躲一躲。（不定式用作宾语补足语）
Tom is ill. Let’s go to see him.
汤姆病了，我们去看看吧。（不定式短语作宾语补足语）
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.
我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。（动名词短语作宾语补足语）
I have guests coming.
我有客人要来。（现在分词用作宾语补足语）
Can I have this parcel weighed here?
我可以在这儿称一下这个包裹吗？（过去分词短语用作宾语补足语）
I found everything in good condition.
我发现一切情况都很好。（介词短语用作宾语补足语）
3．宾语补足语之前有时有as 而意义不变。例如：
I regard this as of great importance.
我认为这个具有重要意义。
在某些情况下，宾语补足语之前可用for .例如：
Don’t take his kindness for granted.
不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。
Either ... or... and neither… nor…
表示“……既（不）……也（不）……”
用 either…or 连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，最接近动词的名词或代词决定动词的单、复数。例如：
1. Either ... or...
Either you or he is to finish the work.
不是你就是他去完成这项工作。
Today you can either fly to Abu Simbel or you can take a boat from across the lake.
今天你既可以乘飞机去阿布辛波古庙，也可以从湖的对岸乘小船过去。
You can either keep the book for yourself or give it to your friends, whichever you choose.
你可以把书留给自己或送与朋友，怎么样都行。
2．neither… nor…
Neither I nor any of the sailors will leave the ship so long as it remains above the surface of the sea.
只要这艘船还在海面上，无论水手还是我都不会放弃。
Neither I would consult him nor he would ask me for advice.
我不想与他商量，他也不会征求我的意见。
neither…nor在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装。例如：
Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.
我没有妹妹，我丈夫也没有妹妹。
Neither can he eat, nor can he drink.
他既不能吃也不能喝。
主谓一致
英语中的主谓一致包括三方面：
一是语法一致，即谓语动词的单复数要与主语的单复数形式对应；
二是意义一致，即根据具体的情况决定单复数形式；
三是就近原则，谓语动词的数应与最靠近的主语一致。现举例加以说明。
1. 集体名词(family , class , audience , government , team , group 等)作为一个整体看时，谓语动词用单数；如果指成员，动词则用复数。
Li Ming's family is going to move.
李明就要搬了。
My family are early risers.
我全家人都是早起的人。
2. 有些集合名词(police , people , cattle 牛群，dozen , majority 大多数)作主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。但 people 作为民族讲时，谓语动词用单数。
The people in the village like the new doctor.
村里的人都喜欢那个新来的医生。
The Chinese people is a brave and hardworking people.
中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。
3. 一般来说，物质名词(water , rice)和抽象名词(advice , news)作主语，谓语动词多用单数形式。
Much information about the earth was put into the computer.
与地球有关的许多资料被输入了计算机。
A great deal of food is kept in his new cave.
大量的食物储藏在他的新洞中。
4. 并列主语的主谓一致应具体分析。
(1)and 和 both. . . and 连接的两个以上单数名词做主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
Both Mr. Smith and Mrs. Smith are teachers.
史密斯先生和史密斯太太都是教师。
(2)当并列的主语指同一个人/ 事物/ 概念时，谓语用单数形式。
The poet and writer is popular with us.
那位诗人兼作家非常受我们的欢迎。
Egg and rice is their favourite food.
鸡蛋炒米饭是他们最爱吃的饭。
(3)由 not only. . . but also. . . / either. . . or. . . / neither. . . nor. . . 连接的两个主语常根据就近原则选择谓语的单复数。
Either you or he is to finish the work.
不是你就是他去完成这项工作。
(4) and 连接两个以上的主语，每个前都有 each , every , no , many a 时，谓语用单数形式。
Each man and each woman is asked to come.
要求每一个人都来这里。
No teacher and no students is admitted.
师生一律不准进入。
(5)通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork 一副刀叉，a cup and saucer 一套杯碟，bread and butter 奶油面包等做主语，谓语用单数。
A cart and horse was seen in the distance.
在远处走着一辆马车。
(6) 如果主语后面跟着下列词：with / without / together with / but / like / except / including / along with / as well as / no less than / more than / as much as / rather than 等引起的词组，其谓语动词的单复数仍取决于句子主语的单复数。
No one except my parents knows anything about it.
除了我父亲没有人知道这件事。
Mary , as well as her sisters , studies Chinese in China.
玛丽还有她的姐妹们在中国学习汉语。
5. 不定代词 /表示部分的词做主语，大体分为：
(1) either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anyone(thing) , someone(thing) , no one , nothing , little , a little 等作主语，被看成单数，因此，谓语用单数形式。
Someone is asking for you.
有人找你。
Each of them has been to Beijing.
他们每个人都到过北京。
(2) some / most / all / any / a lot / plenty 等用来代替复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词要与其后的名词形式保持一致。
Some of the apples are good.
有些苹果是好的。
Some of the sand is hard.
有些沙子很硬。
All of the work has been finished.
所有的工作都已做完了。
All of them are wrong.
他们都错了。
(3) 类似这种用法的词还有 part , percent , half 及分数。
The rest of the students are playing football.
其余的学生在踢足球。
The rest of the books is to the finished this afternoon.
这本书的其余部分将在下午读完。
6. what / which / who 等疑问代词做主语，谓语动词要根据意思决定。
Who is / are over there ?
谁在那边 ?
7. the + adj. 和 the + 过去分词 (the wounded 伤病员，the sick 病人，the old 老年人)等如果表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；如表示抽象概念或某一个人 / 物时，则用单数。
The injured was sent to hospital.
那个受伤的人被送到了医院。
The rich are not always happy.
富人并不总是幸福的。
8. 表示重量，距离，金钱，时间等的词做主语，谓语用单数。
100 dollars is not much to me.
一百美元对我来说并不多。
200 years is a short time in history.
二百年在历史的长河中并不算长。
9. many a , more than one 与单数名词连用，尽管意义上表示很多，谓语仍用单数形式。
More than one person was invited to the party.
不只一个人被邀请参加宴会。
10. 以few , a few , both of , a number of , a great many 等词修饰主语，句子的谓语用复数形式。
A number of people were standing outside , watching the sky.
很多人站在外边，观看天空。
11. 一些复数形式而意义为单数的名词如：maths , physics , politics 等作“学科”解时，谓语常用单数；作学科以外的活动 / 现象解时，谓语用复数。
Physics was the course she liked best.
物理是她最爱学的科目。(学科)
These physics are very difficult t explain.
这些物理现象很难解释。(物理现象 / 物理活动)
12. Chinese , French , English , Japanese 等名词做主语表示语言时，谓语用单数形式；表示人时用复数。
Chinese is a difficult language.
汉语是一门很难学的语言。
The Chinese are brave and hardworking.
中华人民是勤劳勇敢的人民。
13. 当复数名词用作书名，剧本名，国家名称时，谓语用单数。
The United States is a developed country.
美国是一个发达的国家。
《Tom Sawyer》was written by Mark Twain.
《汤姆·索耶》是马克·吐温写的。
14. 定语从句的谓语动词一般根据其前的先生词而定，先行词为复数，则从句的谓语用复数，反之，用单数。但当先生词前有 the only (唯一)时，定语从句的谓语用单数。
Those who haven't handed in their homework , please hand them in after class.
那些没交作业的人，请下课后交上。
He is the only one of the students who is elected.
他是唯一被选上的学生。
15. 一般来说，不定式短语，动名词短语，主语从句作主语，谓语用单数形式。
Working in this factory is a pleasure.
在这个工厂工作令人感到非常高兴。
16. There be 结构中如果有两上以上的主语，谓语动词的数应当根据就近原则。
There is a chair , two tables , and one bed in this room.
屋里有一把椅子，两张桌子，和一张床。
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